Why do some states engage in so-called middle power diplomacy? Conventional middle power scholarship does not adequately explain this question because the logical premise underlying its definition of “middle powers” is either inconsequential or circular. Building on theoretical insights from status politics, I argue that a state's pursuit of middle power diplomacy is inextricably linked to status considerations within the hierarchy of international standing. I offer a theoretical framework that captures the subjective and intersubjective dimensions of why and how a state formulates and reformulates middle power diplomacy in particular ways over time. Empirically, I examine the emergence and evolution of South Korea's middle power diplomacy over the past two decades. I show how the government's differing conceptions, understandings, and reflections of middle power diplomacy have informed, shaped, and transformed its diplomatic practices.
Policy implications
- When we understand middle power diplomacy essentially as a form of status politics in international relations, the most immediate policy implication for Korea is that it should step up its diplomatic resources to enhance its international status if it wishes to redefine its role from a rule-taker to a rule-setter in the changing international order. The reason for this connection is straightforward: status, which is inherently social and consensual, carries legitimacy and authority, the two essential elements that help to configure a state's foreign policies and initiatives as acceptable in the eyes of others.
- This article proposes that Korea should pursue a strategy of social creativity when seeking to boost its status through middle power diplomacy. This is because Korea’s middle power diplomacy is designed to contribute to the better functioning of the existing order in light of the diplomatic goal of becoming a rule-setter in the global order. Here social creativity represents a strategy for states to establish themselves as leaders by redefining the standards by which they are evaluated. Korea should devise various methods and detailed strategic plan around social creativity to achieve pre-eminence in the ever-changing global order. For example, Korea can actively engage in promoting cutting-edge international norms, the formation of innovative regimes and institutions, and the introduction of novel development models designed to tackle complex challenges.
- In attempts to strengthen the collective impact of middle powers on global affairs, Korea should work with like-minded middle powers to formulate its strategy of social creativity within multilateral institutions. This approach enables a state to gain prestige and recognition, positioning it at the forefront of global dialog and development without challenging the existing order.
- This article also suggests that Korea should make serious efforts to cooperate with the Global South in reshaping the process of status adjustment and accommodation to advance global reforms. Mutual cooperation could focus on achieving more equitable and sustainable development and fairer global trade rules. Korea possesses substantial experience in both areas.
Photo by Marius Mann